Breast changes are common, and most are not caused by cancer. Hormonal changes, pregnancy, breastfeeding, infections and non-cancerous lumps can all affect how the breasts look or feel. Even so, it is important not to ignore a new or unexplained change. Breast cancer is often easier to treat when it is identified and assessed early.
Know what is normal for you
There is no single “normal” breast shape, size or texture. One breast may be slightly larger than the other, and breast tissue may feel different at different times of the menstrual cycle. The most useful habit is becoming familiar with your own breasts so that you can notice a change that is new, persistent or unusual for you.
Warning signs that should be checked
- A new lump or thickened area in the breast or armpit. A concerning lump may be painless, so do not wait for pain before seeking advice.
- A change in breast size, shape or appearance that is not explained by pregnancy, breastfeeding or the menstrual cycle.
- Dimpling, puckering, redness or thickening of the skin. Some women describe the skin as looking like the surface of an orange.
- A nipple that suddenly turns inward when this was not previously normal for you.
- Unusual nipple discharge, especially if it is bloody, clear, occurs without squeezing or comes from one breast.
- A sore, rash or scaling around the nipple that does not heal.
- Persistent pain in one area of the breast or armpit.
- Swelling in the armpit or near the collarbone.
A lump does not automatically mean cancer
Many breast lumps are benign. Cysts, fibroadenomas and breast infections are examples of non-cancerous causes. The only safe way to know what a lump represents is to have it assessed by a qualified healthcare professional. Depending on the findings, the provider may recommend a clinical breast examination, imaging such as ultrasound or mammography, or another test.
What to do when you notice a change
- Make a note of when you first noticed the change.
- Avoid repeatedly pressing or squeezing the area, which can make it sore.
- Arrange a clinical assessment without unnecessary delay.
- Tell the provider about pregnancy, breastfeeding, medicines and any family history of breast or ovarian cancer.
- Attend any recommended follow-up even if the change later feels smaller.
Do not wait for these myths
You do not need to have pain, a family history or an older age before a breast change deserves attention. Most women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a known strong family history. Younger women can also develop breast cancer, even though risk generally increases with age.
Screening and awareness are different
Breast awareness means knowing your usual breast appearance and seeking care for changes. Screening means testing people who do not have symptoms, according to age, personal risk and national guidance. A screening test is not the right response to every symptom; a new lump or visible change requires a clinical assessment even when a previous screening result was normal.
Your next practical step
If you have noticed a new breast or armpit change, arrange an examination at a suitable health facility. If you have no symptoms, ask a qualified provider which screening approach is appropriate for your age and risk profile.